Table 2.
Study characteristics
| Author, year | Country/Center | Study Design | N (Total Patients) | Mean/Median Age | % Female | Symptom Duration (months) | Tumor Size/Volume | Knosp/Hardy/Fujimoto Grade | Pre-op VF Assessment Method | Follow-up Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elshazly et al., 2018 [17] | USA – Thomas Jefferson University Hospital | Retrospective chart review | 55 | Mean 55.5 (22–88) | 36% | Not reported | Mean diameter 5.1 cm; SSE 96% | Knosp 1–4 (69% invasion) | Humphrey VF testing | Mean 41 months (9–95) |
| Fernandes et al., 2021 [19] | Portugal – Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon | Retrospective observational cross-sectional | 18 | Mean 57.4 ± 16.5 | 44.4% | Mean 12.8 ± 14.4 | Mean 33.1 ± 9.2 mm | Not reported | Octopus VF; LogMAR VA; OCT RNFL | Not specified |
| Izz-alarab et al., 2024 [28] | Egypt – Ain Shams University, Nasser Institute | Retrospective cohort | 42 | Mean 43.6 (22–66) | 45.2% | Not specified | 27 large, 15 giant | Knosp: 29/42 invaded; 9 grade 4 | Humphrey + Snellen | Mean 12.3 months (6–23) |
| Koutourousiou et al., 2013[36] | USA – University of Pittsburgh | Retrospective review | 54 | Mean 52.9 (18–80) | 15% | Not reported | Mean 50 mm, 32.9 cm3 | 51/54 invasion; Grades 0–4 | Ophthalmologic exam | Mean 37.9 months |
| Gondim et al., 2014 [24] | Brazil – Fortaleza, Campinas, Belo Horizonte | Retrospective review | 50 | Mean 48.2 (18–78) | 34% | Not reported | Mean 5.4 cm | Knosp 2–4 in 16 pts | Ophthalmologic exam | Mean 5 yrs (0.3–13) |
| Ceylan et al., 2022 [22] | Turkey – Kocaeli University | Retrospective review | 205 | Mean 46.95 (16–80) | 30.2% | Not reported | Mean 46.6 mm (40–87) | 87 grade 1–2, 118 grade 3–4 | Humphrey VF + Snellen | Mean 50 months (9–247) |
| Zhang et al., 2023 [52] | China – West China Hospital | Retrospective prognostic imaging study | 130 | Mean 49.2 ± 13.3 | 57% | Not reported | Mean 24 mm | Not reported | Octopus/Humphrey automated | 12 months |
| Han et al., 2024 [25] | Pusan National Univ. Yangsan Hospital, Korea | Retrospective | 35 | Mean 58.3 ± 11.5 | 60% | ~ 4 | 26 mm; volume predictor | NR | Humphrey analyzer | 6 months |
| Juraschka et al., 2014 [30] | Toronto Western Hospital, Canada | Retrospective | 73 | Mean 54.5 ± 14.8 | 32% | NR | Diameter 4.1 cm; volume 18.4 cm3 | Knosp 0–4 reported | Automated perimetry | 3–14 months |
| Chabot et al., 2015 [12] | Hofstra–North Shore LIJ, Geisinger, USA | Retrospective | 39 | Mean 56.3 ± 15.6 | 36% | 7 | 3.4 cm (range 3–6.5) | 0–4 reported | Formal perimetry | 12 months |
| Aiyer & Upreti, 2020 [2] | Baroda Medical College & GMC Silvassa, India | Prospective | 14 | Mean 43.6 (range 19–73) | 64% | NR | 15–44 mm; mean 28.5 mm | NR | Perimetry | Up to 2 years |
| Konan et al., 2021 [34] | Yopougon & Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire | Retrospective | 50 | 46.6 ± 1.7 (range 16–65) | 36% | NR | 74% macroadenomas; 20% apoplexy | Knosp 0–2: 60%; 3–4: 40% | Computerized campimetry | 6 months |
| Thakur et al., 2021 [47] | USA – Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Saint John’s Cancer Institute (Santa Monica, CA) | Retrospective cohort (prospectively maintained DB, 2010–2020) | 514 | Mean 51 ± 16 yrs | 52.3% | NR | 78% macroadenomas; 18 giant; size categories (< 20, 20–29, ≥ 30 mm) | Cavernous sinus invasion (incl. Knosp 4): 121 cases | Formal perimetry/VA in chiasmal compression | Mean 27.4 ± 26.6 mo (min 3) |
| Mooney et al., 2019 [20] [40] | USA – Multicenter (BNI, PNI, UPMC, OSU, WashU, Northwestern) | Prospective multicenter observational (subset with perimetry) | 30 (with both pre/post perimetry) | Mean 62.2 yrs (median 63.5) | 33% | NR | Mean max diameter 27.1 mm (9.6–51.9) | Knosp 0–2: 70%; 3–4: 30%. Hardy sellar IV: 37% | Humphrey 30–2 (58%), 24–2 (37%) | Mean 2.4 mo (VF); pre → post interval mean 4.3 mo |
| Ng et al., 2022 [42] | Hong Kong – Queen Elizabeth Hospital | Retrospective single-center (2015–2018) | 108 | Mean 59.1 ± 12.9 yrs | 40% | NR | Absolute & supracarotid height correlated with VIS | Knosp used; downgrading correlated with VA/VF gains | Standard ophthalmologic perimetry; VIS scale used | NR |
| Kemchoknatee et al., 2024 [32] | Thailand – Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok | Retrospective cohort (2016–2020) | 87 (174 eyes) | Mean 50 ± 12.8 yrs | 64.4% | Median 6 (IQR 1–60); improved 3 vs non-improved 12 (p < 0.001) | 79.3% macroadenomas; volume assessed | Hardy A–E; Knosp 0–3 (not predictive) | Humphrey 30–2; reliability < 20% fixation/false responses | Mean 47.5 ± 28.5 mo |
| van Essen et al., 2021[49] | Netherlands – University Medical Center Utrecht | Retrospective cohort (2010–2015) | 100 | Mean 53.5 ± 15.7 yrs | 38% | Time from ophthalmology → surgery: median 73 days | Macro 89%; mean max diameter 2.6 cm; mean SSE 1.15 cm | Knosp 0–4; Fujimoto 0–4 (39.8% grade 4) | Humphrey/Octopus/Goldmann; ophthalmologist review | Median 52 days (IQR 43–134) |
| Luomaranta et al., 2017 [39] | Finland – Oulu University Hospital | Retrospective cohort | 47 | 54.7 yrs (18.9–80.1) | 55.3% | Not reported | Mean 13.8 mL (VFD) vs 6.2 mL (no VFD); SSE 16.6 vs 6.6 mm | Hardy A 38.3%, B 38.3%, C 14.9%, 0 8.5% | Goldmann 74.5%, Humphrey 6.4%, Both 14.9%, Octopus 2.1% | Not specified |
| Gondim et al., 2015 [23] | Brazil – General Hospital of Fortaleza | Retrospective cohort | 55 | 72.5 ± 1.9 yrs | 54.5% | Not reported | Mean 33 mm; 32.7% cystic | Knosp 2: 5.4%, 3: 9%, 4: 14.5% | Ophthalmologic evaluation | 50 months (mean) |
| Fredes et al., 2017 [20] | Chile – Univ. de Concepción & Brazil (Curitiba) | Cross-sectional (retrospective review) | 35 | 50.2 yrs (26–75) | 51.5% | Not reported | All macroadenomas; 80% SSE | Hardy-Wilson II 83.8%, III 8.1%, IV 8.1% | Goldmann (all) | Not specified |
| Castle-Kirszbaum 2022 [9] | Australia – Monash, St. Vincent’s, Royal Melbourne | Prospective cohort | 304 | 53.8 ± 16 yrs | 53% | Not reported | Median volume 6.28 mL (with VFD) | Knosp 0–4; Hardy 0–4, A–E | Humphrey (all) | 3 months (acute) |
| Anik et al., 2018 [5] | Turkey – Kocaeli Univ. & Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Hospital | Prospective cohort | 200 | 46.7 ± 11.6 yrs (18–83) | 52% | 5.4 months | Mean 8,871 mm3 | Not reported | Humphrey 30–2 | 3 years (serial) |
| Aldengawy et al., 2021[3] | Egypt – Al-Azhar Univ. Hospital | Prospective case series | 15 | 40.7 yrs (16–57) | 40% | Not reported | All ≥ 4 cm (giant) | Hardy A–E distribution | Goldmann/confrontation | 1 year |
| Thotakura et al., 2017 [48] | India – Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences | Prospective series | 100 | 42.5 yrs (14–74) | 48% | 11.8 months; < 1 yr predicted better | Mean 32.97 mm; SSE 14.95 mm | Parasellar ext. 27 pts (Knosp 1–4) | VIS (acuity + field); Goldman/clinical | 43.5 months |
| Ji et al., 2023 [29] | China – The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou | Retrospective, single-center | 28 | 45.1 ± 14.7 years | 64.3% | Median 2.5 (IQR 0–12) | Median diameter 20 mm (IQR 15–29.25) | Not reported | Octopus 900 static perimetry (G-TOP) | ≤ 15 months |
| Zhang et al., 2023 [53] | China – West China Hospital, Sichuan Univ + multicenter validation | Prospective cohort + external validation | 220 | ~ 47 years (46 vs 50 recovery/non) | 53.2% | Median 1.0 (IQR 2.0–2.5) | Max diameter ~ 24–26 mm; SSE 15–17 mm | Not specified | Humphrey Field Analyzer | 6 months |
| Chibbaro et al., 2021 [13] | France, Italy, UK – 5 centers | Prospective multicenter cohort | 96 | 52.2 years (26–81) | 42.7% | Not specified | Mean CC diameter 46.5 mm | Knosp 0–4 distribution | Ophthalmological exam + OCT | 52.4 months (24–88) |
| Choo et al., 2022 [14] | Republic of Korea – Yeungnam University Hospital | Retrospective cohort (20 years) | 181 | 54 (21–79) | 47.0% | Not specified | 84.5% macro, 12.7% giant, 2.8% micro | Hardy 0–4; Knosp 0–4 | Automated perimetry | Median 58 mo (6–255) |
| Kong et al., 2024 [35] | China – First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University | Retrospective comparative cohort | 58 | 50.8 ± 12.7 | 72.4% | Not reported | 24.5 mm | Hardy used; Knosp < 3 | Ophthalmologic perimetry | 3 months |