Skip to main content
. 2026 Aug 1;91(1):243. doi: 10.1007/s12020-026-04712-6

Table 2.

– Predictors assessed for worsening endocrine deficits following transsphenoidal surgery

Predictor Number of Studies Key Findings Statistical Finding Meta-analysis Performed GRADE (certainty of evidence)
Patient Factors
Age 7 (Chinezu 2017; Gondim 2015; Little 2020; Araujo-Castro 2022; Vivancos Sanchez 2021; Jahangiri 2016; Biamonte 2021) Across all studies, age was not statistically associated with new pituitary deficits MESE = 0.07; 95% CI − 0.34 to 0.48; p = 0.74; I² = 0% Yes (2 studies only) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW
Sex 4 (Little 2020; Araujo-Castro 2022; Jahangiri 2016; Biamonte 2021) No significant relationship found in the meta-analysis and in individual studies Pooled OR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.29–1.68; p = 0.38 Yes (2 studies) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW
BMI 1 (Little 2020) No significant relationship p = 0.82 No
Preoperative visual impairment 1 (Araujo-Castro 2022) No significant relationship Adjusted OR = 5.7; p = 0.065 No
Preoperative hyperprolactinaemia 1 (Araujo-Castro 2022) No significant relationship p = 0.509 No
Comorbidities 1 (Araujo-Castro 2022) No significant relationship p > 0.05 for all comorbidities No
Tumour Characteristics
Size (diameter) 3 (Jahangiri 2016; Biamonte 2021; Araujo-Castro 2022) No significant difference p > 0.05 No ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW
Volume 2 (Little 2020; Vivancos Sanchez 2021) Significant relationship - Larger tumours associated with new/worsened deficits Mean difference = 4.3 mL; 95% CI 0.76–7.85; p = 0.02 Yes ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW
Clinical apoplexy 1 (Araujo-Castro) No significant relationship p = 0.42 No
Cavernous sinus invasion 4 (Little; Araujo-Castro; Vivancos Sanchez; Biamonte 2021) Mixed results – mostly non-significant relationship on Meta-analysis pooled OR 1.99, 95% CI (0.67–5.86), p = 0.21 Yes ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW
Tumour consistency 1 (Araujo-Castro) No significant relationship p = 0.937 No
Pituitary stalk visibility 1 (Vivancos Sanchez) No significant relationship All p > 0.05 No
Pituitary gland visibility 1 (Vivancos Sanchez) No significant relationship Adjusted OR = 2.47; 95% CI 0.67–9.05; p = 0.173 No
Surgical/Technical Factors
Surgeon experience 4 (Seejore; Little; Araujo-Castro; Palpes Flores) No significant relationship Pooled OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.53–4.85, p = 0.40 Yes ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW
Extent of resection 4 (Seejore; Little; Vivancos Sanchez; Araujo-Castro 2022) Significant relationship in favour of GTR showing reduced odds of new pituitary deficits. GTR showed pooled OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.24–0.98; p = 0.04; I² = 0% Yes ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW
Surgical goal 1 (Little 2020) No significant relationship p = 0.32 No
Previous surgery 1 (Araujo-Castro) No significant relationship p-0.651 No
CSF leak 1 (Araujo-Castro) Significantly association with CSF leak for increased odds of a new pituitary deficit 2.8% in patients with preserved function versus 18.2% in those with new deficits, p = 0.028 No
Microscopic vs. Endoscopic approach 1 (Song) No significant relationship P = 0.228 No