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. 2026 Jul 20;14:1866750. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1866750

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Fu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two line charts compare outcomes of Multipolar RF (Study) versus Monopolar RF (Control) at four follow-up points. Panel A shows higher VAS scores for Multipolar RF across all time points. Panel B demonstrates higher PSES total scores for Multipolar RF. Statistically significant differences (P<0.001) occur at each time point. Error bars indicate standard deviations. — Patient Satisfaction Scores (VAS and PSES Total Score) Over Time by Treatment Group. Longitudinal comparison of patient-reported satisfaction with treatment outcomes between the multipolar and monopolar radiofrequency groups across all follow-up intervals (1, 3, 6, and 12 months). Panel (A): Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 0–10); Panel (B): Patient Self-Evaluation Scale (PSES) total score (12–60 points). Values represent mean ± standard deviation. Asterisks (*) denote P < 0.001 between groups at each time point (Bonferroni-corrected).