Fig. 1.

Receiver operating characteristic curves of machine learning models in the internal (a) and external (b) validation cohorts. AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; KNN, K-Nearest Neighbours; LightGBM, Light Gradient Boosting Machine; LR, Logistic Regression; MLP, Multilayer Perceptron; RF, Random Forest; SVM, Support Vector Machine