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Decision curve analysis of machine learning models and traditional risk scores in the internal (a) and external (b) validation cohorts. Net benefit is shown across threshold probabilities, with reference strategies of treating all (red) or none (green). KNN, K-Nearest Neighbours; LightGBM, Light Gradient Boosting Machine; LR, Logistic Regression; MLP, Multilayer Perceptron; RF, Random Forest; SVM, Support Vector Machine
