Table 3.
Intragroup variations and intergroup comparisons of clinical and sleep outcomes
| Intervention group (n = 38) | Control group (n = 38) | p-value | Treatment effect (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post-intervention | Change (SD) | Baseline | Post-intervention | Change (SD) | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||
| PSQI | ||||||||
| Sleep Quality (points) | 9.37 (3.04) | 9.97 (3.48) | 0.60 (1.97) | 8.74 (3.75) | 10.79 (3.86) | 2.05 (2.09) | 0.006 | −1.45 (−2.36; −0.56) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| PSQI | ||||||||
| Time in bed (hours) | 7.70 (1.12) | 7.76 (1.33) | 0.06 (0.79) | 8.00 (1.28) | 7.86 (1.28) | −0.14 (0.61) | 0.20 (−0.12; 0.53) | |
| Sleep latency (min) | 27.46 (33.16) | 19.84 (19.75) | −5.61 (19.7) | 18.58 (18.74) | 17.82 (14.95) | −0.76 (14.3) | −4.84 (−12.97; 2.50) | |
| Nighttime sleep (hours) | 5.55 (1.61) | 5.86 (1.36) | 0.31 (0.97) | 6.01 (1.57) | 5.76 (1.60) | −0.24 (0.61) | 0.55 (0.19; 0.94) | |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 72.80 (18.80) | 76.90 (18.10) | 4.17 (11.9) | 76.20 (19.90) | 74.60 (20.10) | −1.62 (7.52) | 5.79 (1.50; 10.42) | |
| ESS (points) | 5.97 (4.46) | 4.29 (4.45) | −1.68 (2.47) | 4.42 (4.16) | 5.47 (4.94) | 1.05 (3.15) | −2.74 (−4.11 −0.56) | |
| Accelerometer-derived sleep variables | ||||||||
| Time in bed (hours) | 7.74 (0.93) | 7.77 (0.92) | 0.03 (1.12) | 7.94 (1.21) | 7.75 (0.97) | −0.19 (1.04) | 0.22 (−0.26;0.71) | |
| Nighttime sleep (hours) | 6.63 (0.83) | 6.66 (0.78) | 0.03 (0.99) | 6.68 (1.01) | 6.60 (0.74) | −0.08 (0.93) | 0.11 (−0.32; 0.54) | |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 86.10 (4.50) | 86.40 (4.5) | 0.30 (5.31) | 84.30 (4.80) | 86.12 (4.79) | 1.80 (4.80) | −1.53 (−3.82; 0.67) | |
| Sleep interruptions (counts) | 15.12 (3.79) | 14.33 (2.76) | −0.79 (2.83) | 14.13 (3.00) | 14.610 (2.38) | 0.48 (2.71) | −1.27 (−2.50; −0.01 | |
| CSQ (points) | 27.61 (3.32) | 24.63 (4.11) | 2.97 (1.27; 4.68) | |||||
CI confidence interval, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, CSQ-8 8-item Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, SD Standard Deviation. p-value derived from the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing the mean change scores (variation from baseline) between the intervention and control groups, except for CSQ, which is derived from an independent Student’s t-test comparing post-intervention scores between groups. Treatment effect values represent the difference in mean change scores between the study groups. The corresponding 95% CI for change parameters was constructed using a non-parametric percentile bootstrap method based on 5000 replications to robustly accommodate skewed distributions without assuming population normality, while the CSQ CI was derived using standard parametric independent t-test assumptions. Significant differences are highlighted in bold