Table A1.
Annotation criteria for metaphor-type classification.
| Metaphor type | Definition | Diagnostic criteria | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Position | X refers to a specific geographical location. | X is a proper place name, such as a city, province, river, historical place name, street, or other identifiable geographical entity. | 延庆里 (Yanqing Li); 苏州里 (Suzhou Li); 宜昌里 (Yichang Li) |
| Scope | X refers to a non-specific natural or spatial range. | X denotes a general natural-geographical concept without a specific referent, such as mountain, water, lake, forest, or park-like spatial range. | 环湖里 (Huanhu Li; Ring-Lake Li); 龙泉里 (Longquan Li; Dragon-Spring Li); 静园里 (Jingyuan Li; Tranquil-Garden Li) |
| Institution | X refers to an organization, institution, industry, or administrative function. | X contains institutional, occupational, administrative, or functional meaning. | 银行里 (Yinhang Li; Bank Li); 航天北里 (Hangtian Beili; Aerospace-Institute North Li); 建材里 (Jiancai Li; Building-Company Li) |
| Category | X refers to a symbolic, cultural, or social category. | X denotes symbolic signs, cultural symbols, collective labels, or person-related categories. | 龙凤里 (Longfeng Li; Dragon-Phoenix Li); 文化里 (Wenhua Li; Culture Li); 红旗里 (Hongqi Li; Red-Flag Li) |
| Atmosphere | X evokes an environmental, sensory, or atmospheric quality. | X refers to natural imagery, light, weather, seasonal, celestial, or plant-related elements that create an abstract environmental ambience. | 曙光里 (Shuguang Li: Drawn Li); 星辰里 (Xingchen Li; Star Li); 晨光里 (Chenguang Li; Morning-Light Li) |
| State | X denotes an abstract state, quality, value, or desirable condition. | X is an adjective-like or noun-like abstract concept expressing auspiciousness, harmony, stability, happiness, virtue, or other evaluative states. | 德安里 (De’an Li; Virtuous-Peace Li); 祥和里 (Xianghe Li; Auspicious-Harmony Li); 五福里 (Wufu Li; Five-Blessings Li) |
| Psychological perception | X denotes human perception, emotion, or affective experience. | X refers specifically to feeling, affection, perception, mental experience, or interpersonal sentiment. | 怡心里 (Yixin Li; Pleasant-Heart Li); 友爱里 (You’ai Li; Friendship Li); 敬爱里 (Jing’ai Li; Respectful-Love Li) |
| Activity | X denotes an action, process, or event. | X is verbal or verb-like and expresses behavior, collective action, construction, celebration, or movement. | 迎新里 (Yingxin Li; Welcoming-New Li); 自建里 (Zijian Li; Self-Built Li); 团结里 (Tuanjie Li; Unity Li) |