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. 2026 May 25;16:23919. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53337-2

Table 12.

Training configuration and hyperparameters.

Parameter Value
Input size 240 × 240 × 155
Modalities FLAIR, T1, T1ce, T2
Batch size (per GPU) 1
GPUs 2 × RTX 4090
Epochs 300
Optimizer AdamW
Initial learning rate 1e−4
Weight decay 1e−5
LR scheduler Cosine annealing
Gradient clipping 1.0
Dropout 0.1
Memory slots (L) 16
λ1 (alignment loss) 0.5
λ2 (temporal loss) 0.3
λs (smoothness loss) 0.1
Loss function Dice loss + alignment + temporal
Early stopping Patience = 30 epochs
Mixed precision FP16 (Apex)
Random seeds 3 runs averaged