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. 2026 May 25;16:23912. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53046-w

Table 21.

Ranking of each algorithm’s results and performance in optimizing the 72-bar spatial truss structure, based on the friedman test.

ECBO WOA SCA MVO MFO GWO EVPS Present study
The 72-bar Spatial Truss Structure Mean 379.6973 496.6754 443.8788 384.9014 388.4292 379.9797 379.7391 379.6704
Best 379.6359 406.088 425.3084 380.6779 379.6771 379.717 379.627 379.6253
Worst 379.7631 645.7224 474.6251 404.5192 452.2986 380.3043 380.3504 379.8967
Std 0.032393 50.4275 12.22186 5.276932 17.37091 0.146144 0.156603 0.058376
Median 379.7004 489.2934 443.2913 382.6381 379.8201 379.9466 379.676 379.6529
Best Rank 2 8 6 7 5 4 3 1
Mean Rank 2 8 6 7 5 4 3 1