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. 2026 Jun 18;26:1369. doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-08737-1

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Study Study period Country Study design Patients, No. Age (y) Male:
female
Primary tumor site FU time (months),
median
Treatments
Tongue Gingiva Buccal Mouth floor Hard palate Intraosseous
Stanford-Moore et al. [28] 2000–2020 America Retro 38 67 ± 10.75 22:16 0 0 0 0 0 38 44.3 chemoradiation therapy
Kashyap et al. [26] NA India Retro 14 38(29–59) 12:2 2 0 12 0 0 0 14.6 chemotherapy
Yoshida et al. [29] 2004–2012 Japan Retro 24 62 14.:10 36 0 7 2 0 14 60 chemotherapy

Kina et al.

[27]

2009–2017 Japan Retro 106 61 ± 13 65:41 69 19 13 5 0 0 60 chemotherapy
Yamakawa et al. ([30] 2017–2019 Japan Retro 143 65 (36–93) 103:40 52 57 10 22 2 0 10.6 Immunotherapy
Naruse et al. [31] 2013–2017 Japan Retro 31 64 (26–81) 24.:7 10 14 1 4 0 2 NA chemoimmunotherapy

Li et al.

[32]

2020–2022 China Retro 104 57.5 (26–86) 68:36 49 27 13 11 4 0 31 chemoimmunotherapy
Shen et al. [33] 2018–2021 China Retro 30 58 (38–79) 25:5 NA 13.5 immunoradiotherapy

Liu et al.

[34]

2021–2022 China Prospective randomized trial 68 50.7 (32–68) 59:9 36 8 16 8 0 0 32 chemoimmunotherapy

Ju et al.

[25]

2020–2021 China Prospective study 20 59.5 (36–73) 11:9 11 3 5 1 0 0 18.5 chemoimmunotherapy