Table 2.
Pooled associations of IADL impairment with subsequent cognitive decline across CHARLS, ELSA, HRS, and SHARE.
| Analysis | Comparison | Pooled β (95% CI) | p value | I2, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary lagged analysis | Any prior-wave IADL impairment vs. none | −0.111 (−0.141 to −0.081) | <0.001 | 96.1 |
| Dose–response analysis | 1 impaired domain vs. 0 | −0.095 (−0.118 to −0.072) | <0.001 | 90.8 |
| ≥2 impaired domains vs. 0 | −0.147 (−0.192 to −0.103) | <0.001 | 95 | |
| Per additional impaired domain | −0.063 (−0.081 to −0.045) | <0.001 | 96.7 | |
| Baseline IADL analysis | Baseline IADL impairment × time | 0.005 (−0.002 to 0.011) | 0.145 | 89.4 |
IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval.