. 2024 Oct 29;57(4):1144–1155. doi: 10.1007/s10578-024-01780-5

Table 2.

Sports-related concussion association with risk factors for depression and suicidality among high school students: adjusted odds ratios logistic regression

	Felt sad or hopeless (n = 4198)	Considered suicide (n = 4187)	Made a suicide plan (n = 4182)	Attempted suicide (n = 3622)	Attempted suicide: injury (n = 3612)	Self-harm (NSSI) (n = 4196)
Sports-related concussion in past year
Once or More (No = Referent)	1.32* (1.06 – 1.65)	1.32* (1.02 – 1.72)	1.58 (1.20 – 2.08)**	2.68* (1.92 – 3.73)**	5.76* (3.48 – 9.54)**	1.97* (1.54 – 2.52)**
Sex
Female (Male = Referent)	2.25* (1.94 – 2.60)**	1.77* (1.46 – 2.13)**	1.94* (1.58 – 2.39)**	1.64* (1.24 – 2.17)**	1.64 (0.98 – 2.76)	2.07* (1.72 – 2.48)**
Age
16–18 + years-old (12–15 yrs = Referent)	1.21* (1.05 – 1.40)	0.97 (0.81 – 1.17)	0.85 (0.70 – 1.03)	0.90 (0.70 – 1.17)	0.99 (0.61 – 1.60)	0.87 (0.73 – 1.04)
Race/Ethnicity (Exclusive Categories) (Non-Hispanic White = Referent)
Black/African American (Non-Hisp.)	1.16 (0.94 – 1.44)	1.19 (0.90 – 1.56)	1.46* (1.08 – 1.97)	2.87* (1.95 – 4.23)**	2.32* (1.11 – 4.85)	0.81 (0.61– 1.07)
Hispanic/Latinx	1.19* (1.00- 1.41)	1.10 (0.89- 1.36)	1.41 (1.12 – 1.77)**	2.05* (1.50 – 2.81)**	1.88* (1.06 – 3.33)	1.19 (0.97 – 1.45)
Other/Multiracial (Non-Hispanic)	1.08 (0.82 – 1.40)	1.48* (1.09 – 2.01)	1.79* (1.28– 2.49)**	2.63* (1.71 – 4.04)**	2.17* (1.01 – 4.66)	1.07 (0.78 – 1.46)
Bullied in school
Yes (No = Referent)	2.36* (1.88 – 2.98)**	2.01* (1.59 – 2.54)**	2.32* (1.82 – 2.96)**	2.60* (1.92 – 3.51)**	4.12* (2.45 – 6.93)**	2.44* (1.94 – 3.06)**
Ever teased perceived as Lesbian/Gay
Yes (No = Referent)	2.67***	3.19***	2.93***	3.37***	2.61***	3.38***
(2.09 – 3.40)	(2.53 – 4.03)	(2.30 – 3.73)	(2.50 – 4.53)	(1.54 – 4.43)	(2.69 – 4.25)
COVID-19 affected mental health
Yes (Most/All the Time) (No = Ref.)	5.72* (4.91 – 6.65)**	4.91* (4.07 – 5.92)**	3.99* (3.24 – 4.90)**	3.57* (2.70 – 4.73)**	3.39* (1.97 – 5.84)**	3.45* (2.88 – 4.12)**

Felt sad or hopeless (n = 4198)

Considered suicide (n = 4187)

Made a suicide plan (n = 4182)

Attempted suicide (n = 3622)

Attempted suicide: injury (n = 3612)

Self-harm (NSSI) (n = 4196)

Sports-related concussion in past year

Once or More (No = Referent)

1.32*

(1.06 – 1.65)

1.32*

(1.02 – 1.72)

1.58**

(1.20 – 2.08)

2.68***

(1.92 – 3.73)

5.76***

(3.48 – 9.54)

1.97***

(1.54 – 2.52)

Sex

Female (Male = Referent)

2.25***

(1.94 – 2.60)

1.77***

(1.46 – 2.13)

1.94***

(1.58 – 2.39)

1.64***

(1.24 – 2.17)

1.64

(0.98 – 2.76)

2.07***

(1.72 – 2.48)

Age

16–18 + years-old (12–15 yrs = Referent)

1.21*

(1.05 – 1.40)

0.97

(0.81 – 1.17)

0.85

(0.70 – 1.03)

0.90

(0.70 – 1.17)

0.99

(0.61 – 1.60)

0.87

(0.73 – 1.04)

Race/Ethnicity (Exclusive Categories) (Non-Hispanic White = Referent)

Black/African American (Non-Hisp.)

1.16

(0.94 – 1.44)

1.19

(0.90 – 1.56)

1.46*

(1.08 – 1.97)

2.87***

(1.95 – 4.23)

2.32*

(1.11 – 4.85)

0.81

(0.61– 1.07)

Hispanic/Latinx

1.19*

(1.00- 1.41)

1.10

(0.89- 1.36)

1.41**

(1.12 – 1.77)

2.05***

(1.50 – 2.81)

1.88*

(1.06 – 3.33)

1.19

(0.97 – 1.45)

Other/Multiracial (Non-Hispanic)

1.08

(0.82 – 1.40)

1.48*

(1.09 – 2.01)

1.79***

(1.28– 2.49)

2.63***

(1.71 – 4.04)

2.17*

(1.01 – 4.66)

1.07

(0.78 – 1.46)

Bullied in school

Yes (No = Referent)

2.36***

(1.88 – 2.98)

2.01***

(1.59 – 2.54)

2.32***

(1.82 – 2.96)

2.60***

(1.92 – 3.51)

4.12***

(2.45 – 6.93)

2.44***

(1.94 – 3.06)

Ever teased perceived as Lesbian/Gay

Yes (No = Referent)

2.67***

3.19***

2.93***

3.37***

2.61***

3.38***

(2.09 – 3.40)

(2.53 – 4.03)

(2.30 – 3.73)

(2.50 – 4.53)

(1.54 – 4.43)

(2.69 – 4.25)

COVID-19 affected mental health

Yes (Most/All the Time) (No = Ref.)

5.72***

(4.91 – 6.65)

4.91***

(4.07 – 5.92)

3.99***

(3.24 – 4.90)

3.57***

(2.70 – 4.73)

3.39***

(1.97 – 5.84)

3.45***

(2.88 – 4.12)

Bold values indicate statistically significant results

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001