Table 1.
Summary of the spectral indices used in this study, including their full names, computation methods, and corresponding Sentinel-2 or Landsat bands.
| Index | Name | Equation/Method | Data source/Bands |
|---|---|---|---|
| NDVI | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | (NIR − Red)/(NIR + Red) | Sentinel-2: B8, B4 |
| NDMI | Normalized Difference Moisture Index | (NIR − SWIR1)/(NIR + SWIR1) | Sentinel-2: B8, B11 |
| NDSI | Normalized Difference Soil Index | Red − NIR)/(Red + NIR) or (Green − NIR)/(Green + NIR) | Sentinel-2: B4, B8/B3, B8 |
| IOR | Iron Oxide Ratio | Red/Blue | Sentinel-2: B4, B2 |
| FMI | Ferrous Mineral Index | SWIR/NIR | Sentinel-2: B11, B8 |
| TIR | Thermal Infrared | Derived from thermal band emissivity (ST_B10) | Landsat-8/9: B10 |
| DEM | Digital Elevation Model | Derived directly from SRTM DEM dataset | SRTM (30 m) |
| PC1 | Principal Component 1 | Derived from covariance matrix via eigen decomposition | Sentinel-2: B2, B3, B4, B8, B11, B12 |