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. 2026 Aug 5;12(32):eaed5802. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aed5802

Fig. 2. Reproducing the canon of electrotaxis results with the SCHEPERD assembly.

Fig. 2.

(A) Schematic of homogeneous current flow over a tissue monolayer. (B) A micrograph of a 6 mm–by–1.5 mm monolayer tissue of primary mouse keratinocytes (see Methods). Scale bar, 1000 μm. (C) Migration flow pattern (see Methods) overlaid on a speed heatmap without electric stimulation (top) and with electric stimulation (bottom) shows a uniform response to the field. Color corresponds to speed magnitude, and texture shows streamlines. LIC, Line Integral Convolution. (D) Schematic of electrically stimulating 3D kidney cysts embedded in a hydrogel (see Methods). (E) Confocal slice over time of electro-inflation of the cyst. Scale bars, 50 μm. (F) Schematic of transverse (vertically oriented) stimulation through a transwell showing apical-to-basal (AtB) and basal-to-apical (BtA) stimulation. (G) Micrographs of an MDCK colony which contracts with AtB stimulation and then expands with BtA stimulation. The normalized area dynamics are plotted showing that AtB induces contraction and BtA induces expansion of the island.