Table 2. Assessment of the risk of bias in cross-sectional studies.
| Author (Year) | JBI for analytical cross-sectional studies | Additional comments, if applicable | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | ||
| Alanzi et al. (2025) 37 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Al-Swaje et al. (2019) 46 | No | No | No | Yes | NA | NA | Yes | No | Q1: It does not present inclusion and exclusion criteria. Q2: The study participants are not described in detail, and the time period was not clear. Q3: The exposure was not measured in a valid and reliable way. Q8: The data were analyzed using only the Chi-square test. |
| Amaral et al. (2022) 21 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Meenapriya et al. (2021) 47 | No | No | Yes | Yes | NA | NA | Yes | No | Q1: It does not present inclusion and exclusion criteria. Q2: The study participants are not described in detail. Q8: The data were analyzed using only the Chi-square test. |
| Güzel et al. (2025) 39 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | No | Q8: No regression analyses were performed. |
| Marceliano; Gavião (2023) 40 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Pauli et al. (2024) 41 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Prado et al. (2025) 42 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Restrepo; Santamaría; Manrique (2021) 43 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | NA | Yes | Yes | |
| Silva et al. (2022) 44 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yazıcıog˘ lu et al. (2021) 45 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Q1: Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?; Q2: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?; Q3: Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q4: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?; Q5: Were confounding factors identified?; Q6: Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?; Q7: Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q8:Was appropriate statistical analysis used?. NA: Not applicable.