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. 2026 Jul 22;20(30):20961–20978. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5c16841

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TCR knockdown T cells still express CD69 on nanoporous substrates. (a, b) CD69 expression was measured by flow cytometry in TCR knockdown (KD, CD3– T cells) and untargeted TCR control (ctrl, CD3+ T cells) primary human T cells after 24 h of restimulation on the indicated substrates. Resting cells were not restimulated. (a) Percentage of CD69+ T cells. Bars indicate the mean ± SD across donors (D, n D = 3–7). Symbols indicate mean values of technical replicates for each donor. Statistical analysis was performed on per-donor mean values from donors present in both conditions using a paired t test with Benjamini–Hochberg (FDR) adjustment for multiple comparisons. Significance symbols represent adjusted p-values: ns: p ≥ 0.05, *: p < 0.05, **: p <  0.01, and ****: p <  0.0001. (b) Exemplary histograms of CD69 expression pattern after stimulation by the indicated substrates with and without TCR expression. The dashed line indicates the gating threshold for CD69-positive T cells.