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. 2026 Jul 22;20(30):20961–20978. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5c16841

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DLBCL Patient T cell activation by Nanopores. (a, b) Pan T cells from healthy and DLBCL patient donors were incubated on the indicated substrates for 24 h. (a) CD69 MFI of CD69+ T cells, normalized per experiment to the positive control samples (healthy Flat + aCD3/28) after baseline subtraction (healthy naive T cells used as baseline). (b) Absolute IL-2 secretion measured using a cytokine secretion assay. (a, b) Bars indicate the mean ± SD across healthy donors (D) or patients (P; a: n D = 4–6, n P = 11–12; b: n D = 4–6, n P = 10). Symbols indicate mean values of technical replicates for each healthy donor or patient. Statistical analyses within the patient and healthy donor groups were performed using paired t tests on per-donor mean values from donors present in both conditions. Comparisons between patient and healthy donor groups were performed using unpaired t tests. Multiple comparisons were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) method. Significance symbols represent adjusted p-values: ns: p ≥ 0.05, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, and ****: p < 0.0001.