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. 2026 Jun 26;65(14):2227–2249. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6c00318

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© 2026 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

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GRE decarboxylase structure and mechanism. (A) Schemes showing reactions of the GRE decarboxylases. (B) Proposed Kolbe-type mechanism for HPAD. (C) HPAD structure (PDB ID: 2YAJ) showing 4HP binding mode where the carboxylate of 4HP is oriented near the catalytic Cys503. (D) HPAD structure (PDB ID: 2YAJ) showing overall active site architecture of HPAD. (E) Proposed HAT mechanism for PAD. (F) Proposed HAT mechanism for IAD. (G) AAD structure shows substrate 4HP far away from the active site (11 Å distance between 4HP and the catalytic Cys) in what may be a substrate channel (PDB ID: 7E7L). No structure with the substrate positioned for catalysis is available.