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. 2026 Jun 26;65(14):2227–2249. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6c00318

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© 2026 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

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GRE substrate channels. (A) A substrate channel was identified in BSS that is comprised of a loop following β1, α3′, and α8′ (shown in medium sea green) (PDB ID: 5BWE). (B) A hairpin loop of the β subunit (dark sea green) blocks the substrate channel in BSS. (C) The substrate channel in BSS is predicted to be conserved in other GREs (dark gray) and can only be detected by programs such as CAVER in substrate-free enzyme forms: HPAD (PDB ID: 2Y8N), IslA (PDB ID: 3KQ4), and HypD (PDB ID: 6VXC) shown. Predicted channels are shown in gray.