Table 1.
General characteristics of the participants (n = 435).
| Variables | Coaching (n = 185) | Physical education and sports Teaching (n = 148) | Sports management (n = 102) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (M ± SD) | 21.17 ± 3.10 | 20.62 ± 3.76 | 20.6 ± 3.8 |
| Height, cm (M ± SD) | 170.39 ± 10.05 | 168.39 ± 16.83 | 169.43 ± 9.72 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (M ± SD) | 23.17 ± 3.43 | 22.95 ± 3.88 | 22.71 ± 3.77 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 106 (57.3) | 91 (61.5) | 67 (65.7) |
| Mother’s education n (%) | |||
| No formal education | 9 (4.9) | 4 (2.7) | 7 (6.9) |
| Primary school | 68 (36.8) | 62 (41.9) | 43 (42.2) |
| Secondary school | 37 (20.0) | 34 (23.0) | 14 (13.7) |
| High school | 39 (21.1) | 29 (19.6) | 20 (19.6) |
| University | 32 (17.3) | 19 (12.8) | 18 (17.6) |
| Father’s education n(%) | |||
| No formal education | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (2.0) |
| Primary school | 54 (29.2) | 34 (23.0) | 35 (34.3) |
| Secondary school | 37 (20.0) | 33 (22.3) | 25 (24.5) |
| High school | 60 (32.4) | 52 (35.1) | 22 (21.6) |
| University | 30 (16.2) | 27 (18.2) | 18 (17.6) |
| Chronic disease state, yes, n (%) | 6 (3.2) | 9 (6.2) | 7 (6.8) |
| Allergy status, yes, n (%) | 8 (4.3) | 10 (6.9) | 13 (12.8) |
| Drug use status, yes, n (%) | 20 (10.8) | 13 (8.8) | 13 (12.7) |
| Experiencing constipation, yes, n (%) | 22 (11.9) | 11(7.4) | 9 (8.8) |
| Diarrhea, yes, n (%) | 47 (25.4) | 43 (29.1) | 26 (25.5) |
| Gastrointestinal gas complaints, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 23 (12.4) | 14 (9.5) | 10 (9.8) |
| Sometimes | 52 (28.1) | 47 (31.8) | 29 (28.4) |
| Amount of water drunk per day | |||
| 2–4 glasses a day | 42 (22.7) | 31 (20.9) | 38 (37.3) |
| 5–7 glasses a day | 61 (33.0) | 59 (39.9) | 25 (24.5) |
| 8–10 glasses a day | 51 (27.6) | 37 (25.0) | 23 (22.5) |
| 11–12 glasses a day | 31 (16.8) | 21 (14.2) | 16 (15.7) |
| Skipping main meals, yes, n (%) | 155 (83.8) | 121 (81.8) | 84 (82.4) |
| The most frequently skipped meal n (%) | |||
| Morning | 76 (44.2) | 63 (46.7) | 41 (45.6) |
| Afternoon | 64 (37.2) | 44 (32.6) | 38 (42.2) |
| Evening | 13 (7.6) | 10 (7.4) | 4 (4.4) |
| Snack | 19 (11.0) | 18 (13.3) | 7 (7.8) |
| Reason for skipping meals | |||
| Lack of time | 61 (35.3) | 51 (38.1) | 29 (31.2) |
| Not wanting to eat | 57 (32.9) | 44 (32.8) | 39 (41.9) |
| Wanting to lose weight | 15 (8.7) | 2 (1.5) | 9 (9.7) |
| Lack of habit | 24 (13.9) | 22 (16.4) | 14 (15.1) |
| Because it is not prepared | 14 (8.1) | 12 (9.0) | 2 (2.2) |
| Other | 2 (1.2) | 3 (2.2) | - |
| Frequency of vegetable and vegetable dish consumption n (%) | |||
| Every day | 18 (9.7) | 11 (7.4) | 5 (4.9) |
| 4–5 days a week | 61 (33.0) | 54 (36.5) | 50 (49.0) |
| Rarely | 103 (55.7) | 81 (54.7) | 41 (40.2) |
| Never | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (5.9) |
| Frequency of fruit consumption n (%) | |||
| Every day | 26 (14.1) | 21 (14.2) | 10 (9.8) |
| 4–5 days a week | 66 (35.7) | 57 (38.5) | 51 (50.0) |
| Rarely | 85 (45.9) | 68 (45.9) | 40 (39.2) |
| Never | 8 (4.3) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.0) |
| How to consume the fruit n (%) | |||
| Fruit juice | 26 (14.1) | 13 (8.8) | 13 (12.7) |
| Whole fruit (without peel) | 90 (48.6) | 62 (41.9) | 48 (47.1) |
| Whole fruit (with peel) | 69 (37.3) | 73 (49.3) | 41 (40.2) |
| Microbiota awareness scale (M ± SD) | |||
| General information | 19.42 ± 7.51 | 20.96 ± 6.77 | 18.98 ± 7.29 |
| Probiotic and prebiotic | 15.68 ± 5.94 | 16.49 ± 5.47 | 14.61 ± 5.45 |
| Chronic disease | 14.98 ± 5.64 | 15.83 ± 5.13 | 14.26 ± 5.20 |
| Product information | 9.36 ± 2.64 | 9.62 ± 2.34 | 8.84 ± 2.50 |
| Total score | 59.45 ± 19.53 | 62.91 ± 17.36 | 56.7 ± 17.7 |
| Probiotic consumption status n (%) | |||
| Yes | 141 (76.2) | 123 (83.1) | 76 (74.5) |
| No | 44 (23.8) | 25 (16.9) | 26 (25.5) |
| Reasons for not consuming probiotic products n (%) | |||
| I find the use of probiotics unnecessary | 15 (20.5) | 2 (4.8) | 6 (15.8) |
| I have no information about its importance | 30 (41.1) | 19 (45.2) | 21 (55.3) |
| I don’t find it delicious | 21 (28.8) | 13 (31.0) | 7 (18.4) |
| I can’t afford to buy probiotic products | 7 (9.6) | 8 (19.0) | 4 (10.5) |
| Reasons for consuming probiotic products n (%) | |||
| Due to health problems, upon expert advice (Dietitian/Doctor) | 36 (22.6) | 13 (10.8) | 21 (25.0) |
| There is no health problem, and this is done on the advice of a specialist (Dietitian/Doctor) | 38 (23.9) | 28 (23.3) | 24 (28.6) |
| Influenced by promotions related to probiotic foods (social media, television commercials, etc.) | 42 (26.4) | 43 (35.8) | 21 (25.0) |
| Reading/following the literature related to the academic studies conducted | 32 (20.1) | 25 (20.8) | 16 (19.0) |
| Other | 11 (6.9) | 11 (9.2) | 2 (2.4) |
| Believing that the disease and/or its symptoms have decreased or completely disappeared due to the consumption of probiotic products n (%) | |||
| Yes, I think so myself | 108 (58.4) | 83 (56.1) | 7 (46.1) |
| Yes, expert opinion (Dietitian/Doctor) | 25 (13.5) | 15 (10.1) | 20 (19.6) |
| I didn’t see any benefit | 52 (28.1) | 50 (33.8) | 35 (34.3) |