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. 2026 Aug 6;24:426. doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-05131-0

Table 2.

Binary Logistic Regression Predicting Opioid Analgesic Administration (Step 1)

Variable B SE p OR 95% CI for OR
Lower Upper
NACA score 0.562 0.008 < 0.001 1.754 1.726 1.783
Trauma mechanism 0.909 0.014 < 0.001 2.481 2.414 2.550
Patient age −0.003 0.000 < 0.001 0.997 0.997 0.998

Sex of EMS provider

(female vs. male)

0.089 0.016 < 0.001 1.093 1.059 1.128

Sex of patient

(female vs. male)

−0.100 0.013 < 0.001 0.905 0.881 0.929
Constant −2.117 0.038 < 0.001 0.120 — —

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error; NACA = National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics severity score. Variables entered in Step 1: NACA score, trauma mechanism, patient age, sex of EMS provider, sex of patient. Reference category for sex variables: female. Cut value = 0.500