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. 2026 May 29;16:24669. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52181-8

Table 3.

Comparative analysis of model complexity.

Model Trainable parameters (M) FLOPs (G) Fusion time (s) Peak GPU memory (GB)
DWT-BL N/A (non-learnable) N/A 0.42 N/A
IFCNN 0.08 0.56 0.02 0.31
DenseFuse 0.07 0.51 0.55 0.28
U2Fusion 0.66 4.83 0.53 0.92
MSML-DenseXmer 6.52 18.42 2.46 3.74