Table 2.
Comparison of Muscle Volume Between Varus and Valgus Knees
| Muscle/Compartment | Varus (vol) [cm3] (median [IQR]) |
Valgus (vol) [cm3] (median [IQR]) |
Between-group difference (median difference [95% CI]) |
p | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adductor | 611.8 [508.0–714.6] | 494.4 [393.3–679.2] | 96.4 (− 6.2 to 194.2) | 0.660 | 0.759 |
| biceps femoris | 203.9 [165.3–256.9] | 158.8 [112.3–185.8] | 49.9 (19.1 to 89.2) | 0.003 | 0.023 |
| gluteus maximus | 677.3 [586.1–762.1] | 590.4 [496.5–764.6] | 64.9 (− 50.1 to 155.1) | 0.289 | 0.350 |
| gluteus medius | 256.2 [220.6–300.5] | 252.1 [200.9–294.7] | 2.0 (− 29.4 to 40.3) | 0.877 | 0.877 |
| gluteus minimus | 55.1 [47.9–60.1] | 48.1 [42.6–56.2] | 4.9 (− 2.0 to 11.2) | 0.162 | 0.274 |
| gracilis | 50.9 [42.3–69.1] | 48.2 [41.3–65.7] | 1.7 (− 9.2 to 13.2) | 0.776 | 0.811 |
| iliacus | 90.9 [80.6–115.6] | 83.1 [67.3–106.6] | 8.8 (− 6.9 to 22.9) | 0.274 | 0.350 |
| obturator externus | 36.3 [31.2–41.7] | 31.2 [28.5–35.3] | 4.0 (− 0.7 to 8.4) | 0.085 | 0.244 |
| obturator internus | 36.0 [31.2–40.4] | 37.4 [27.5–41.8] | 0.6 (− 4.6 to 5.8) | 0.776 | 0.811 |
| pectineus | 32.0 [24.9–38.3] | 27.8 [23.6–32.9] | 3.3 (− 1.5 to 8.5) | 0.179 | 0.274 |
| piriformis | 19.7 [16.1–22.9] | 21.7 [18.1–25.5] | −2.3 (− 5.3 to 0.9) | 0.140 | 0.274 |
| psoas major | 77.5 [61.5–93.8] | 59.1 [43.9–96.0] | 12.6 (− 6.6 to 29.1) | 0.155 | 0.274 |
| rectus femoris | 121.5 [93.2–144.7] | 100.8 [76.1–121.9] | 17.2 (− 0.5 to 35.7) | 0.057 | 0.244 |
| sartorius | 98.4 [76.7–120.9] | 79.9 [63.1–104.0] | 14.9 (− 2.0 to 32.7) | 0.081 | 0.244 |
| semimembranosus | 148.4 [122.9–177.1] | 133.2 [108.3–162.2] | 15.7 (− 9.4 to 42.2) | 0.224 | 0.322 |
| semitendinosus | 120.3 [96.1–139.6] | 97.4 [78.5–121.8] | 18.1 (0.3 to 36.0) | 0.048 | 0.244 |
| tensor fasciae latae | 52.2 [41.2–65.8] | 34.5 [24.8–43.9] | 18.2 (8.5 to 28.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| vastus lateralis intermedius | 518.8 [411.8–609.7] | 432.8 [326.4–594.5] | 73.0 (− 29.0 to 162.4) | 0.179 | 0.274 |
| vastus medialis | 233.1 [183.6–266.6] | 194.7 [148.5–223.0] | 31.1 (− 8.8 to 68.5) | 0.124 | 0.274 |
| anterior compartment | 149.0 [108.6–185.3] | 129.1 [112.1–156.5] | 15.3 (− 14.7 to 40.0) | 0.239 | 0.323 |
| lateral compartment | 69.7 [58.7–91.3] | 59.0 [41.5–74.1] | 11.8 (− 1.1 to 27.2) | 0.081 | 0.244 |
| deep posterior compartment | 188.0 [156.7–223.4] | 169.5 [154.7–189.8] | 19.1 (− 5.1 to 46.3) | 0.121 | 0.274 |
| superficial posterior compartment | 496.8 [425.8–567.9] | 354.7 [235.6–437.1] | 149.3 (74.5 to 227.7) | 0.001 | 0.012 |
The muscle volume of 23 muscles or muscle compartments was compared between groups. Significant reductions in the valgus group after false discovery rate correction were observed in the biceps femoris, tensor fasciae latae, and superficial posterior compartment. Values are presented as median [interquartile range]. Between-group differences are presented as Hodges–Lehmann median differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mann–Whitney U test was used for between-group comparisons. p values are reported as unadjusted values, and q values represent false discovery rate–adjusted p values calculated using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. Statistical significance was determined based on q < 0.05. IQR, interquartile range