Figure 2. Identification of studies included in the sample according to code, country, year of publication, design, questions answered in the review, and instruments used. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, 2025.
| Article code | Country/Year | Design | Answers to Review Questions (P1 to P4) | Measuring instruments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 10 | Switzerland, 2021 | Longitudinal prospective | P1 | Charlson Comorbidity Index History of flu vaccination and household characteristics that could affect the risk of flu Respiratory symptom diaries and mask-wearing adherence |
| A2 11 | Nigeria, 2021 | Cross- sectional | P1 and P2 | Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) |
| A3 12 | China, 2021 | Cross-sectional | P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) Challenge and Hindrance-related Self-Reported Stress Scale (C-HSS) Short Form Health Survey (SF-8) Public Service Motivation Scale |
| A4 13 | China, 2019 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) Short Form Health Survey (SF-8) Challenge and Hindrance-related Self-Reported Stress Scale (C-HSS) Short-form PSM Scale Job in General Scale Turnover Intention Scale Job Performance Scale Chirurgisches Qualitätssiegel Scale |
| A5 14 | China, 2022 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Niehoff & Moorman Scale (distributive justice). Pierce, et al. Scale (organizational self-esteem) Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) Eisenberger, et al. Scale (Perceived Organizational Support) |
| A6 15 | Turkey, 2024 | Methodological | P2 | Stanford Presenteeism Scale (STAS) Happiness At Work Scale Burnout Scale Short Version |
| A7 16 | China, 2024 | Cross-sectional | P2 | Impact of Events Scale (IES) Turnover Intention Scale (PTSD) Stanford presenteeism Scale (STAS) Social Support Scale (SSS) |
| A8 17 | Brazil, 2021 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Stanford Presenteeism Scale (STAS) - Brazilian version Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) |
| A9 18 | Malta, 2020 | Cross-sectional | P2 and P3 | Questionnaire on perceptions of illness during episodes of presenteeism and absenteeism Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) |
| A10 19 | France, 2022 | Systematic review | P3 | Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) |
| A11 20 | Brazil, 2022 | Cross-sectional | P1, P2 and P3 | Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) Work Ability Index (WAI) |
| A12 21 | Japan, 2020 | Letter to the editor | P1 | Two open-ended questions about symptoms, recognition of illness, and reasons for coming to work sick. |
| A13 22 | United Kingdom, 2024 | Cross-sectional | P4 | Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) Four global measures of single-item stress at work, job satisfaction, presenteeism, and turnover intentions. |
| A14 23 | United Kingdom, 2020 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P4 | Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) Global single-item scales (stress, satisfaction, intention to leave, and presenteeism). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES - dedication subscale, 3 items) Open questions about perception, benefits, and barriers of the centers |
| A15 24 | Australia, 2021 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Question about how many times they went to work when they were sick or not feeling well in the last 12 months. |
| A16 25 | China, 2017 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) |
| A17 26 | United States, 2017 | Cross-sectional | P1 | Anonymous online self-report questionnaire |
| A18 27 | Portugal, 2016 | Longitudinal prospective | P1 and P3 | Work Limitations Questionnaire8 (WLQ8) (8-item short form) Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS6) |
| A19 28 | China, 2019 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) Short Form Health Survey (SF-8) Challenge and Hindrance-related Self-Reported Stress Scale (C-HSS) Short-form PSM scale Ironson, et al. Scale (job satisfaction) Singh scale, et al. (intention to rotate) Darwish Scale (work performance) Chirurgisches Qualitätssiegel Scale |
| A20 29 | Australia, 2020 | Longitudinal retrospective | P1 | Presenteeism inferred from the absence of sick leave records during the period of confirmed infection Absenteeism measured by hours of leave recorded / total hours scheduled × 100 Laboratory, administrative, and payroll data integrated via employee identification number. |
| A21 30 | China, 2019 | Cross-sectional | P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) |
| A22 31 | Japan, 2022 | Longitudinal retrospective | P3 | No questionnaire or standardized presenteeism scale was used. |
| A23 32 | Croatia, 2017 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Patient Safety Culture. Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) |
| A24 33 | China, 2018 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Perceived Ability to Work Scale (PAWS) Challenge and HindranceRelated SelfReported Stress Scale |
| A25 34 | Slovenia, 2020 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P3 | Questionnaire developed by the authors themselves, with several questions about health, work, and behavior |
| A26 35 | Spain, 2018 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Stanford Presenteeism Scale6 (SPS-6) |
| A27 36 | Japan, 2020 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Questionnaire developed by the author for demographic variables and symptoms Work Productivity and Activity Impairment - General Health (WPAIGH) |
| A28 37 | Thailand, 2022 | Longitudinal prospective | P1 | Direct recording by observers during the shift and questionnaire with self-reported symptoms in the last seven days |
| A29 38 | Israel, 2024 | Longitudinal prospective | P1 | Participant reports, combined with active surveillance data |
| A30 39 | Iran, 2022 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Valuation of Lost Productivity Questionnaire (VOLP), adapted for COVID-19 WHO STEPwise |
| A3 40 | United States, 2019 | Cross-sectional | P1 and P2 | Anonymous questionnaire developed by the authors with closed-ended items on reasons for presenteeism |