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. 2026 Jul 28;17:1887737. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1887737

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Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Li, Zhu, Wang, Guo, Liu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A presents a heatmap visualizing correlations among plant physiological and germination parameters, with red indicating positive and blue indicating negative relationships. Panel B shows a principal component analysis biplot mapping treatment groups by color and displaying variable loadings as blue arrows, illustrating variance primarily explained by PC1 and PC2. — Trait correlations and principal component analysis under drought–salinity stress. (A) Pearson correlation heatmap among growth traits, physiological traits, enzyme activities, and germination-related traits. Red and blue colors indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively, with color intensity representing the strength of correlation. (B) PCA biplot showing the distribution of different PEG and NaCl treatment combinations based on all measured traits. Arrows indicate trait loadings, and points represent treatment samples. PC1 and PC2 explained 67.0% and 16.2% of the total variation, respectively, together accounting for 83.2% of the overall variation. Growth and germination-related traits were mainly associated with the positive direction of PC1, whereas relative electrical conductivity and SOD were associated with the negative direction of PC1. POD and CAT contributed mainly to variation along PC2.