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. 2026 Jun 8;26:689. doi: 10.1186/s12872-026-05971-x

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Bland–Altman plots comparing ECG parameters between 12-lead and 6-lead ECG. Negative values indicated higher measurements from the 6-lead ECG. LOA was calculated using the mean difference and SD. The upper LOA was defined as the mean difference plus 1.96*SD, and the lower LOA was defined as the mean difference minus 1.96*SD. Cases without identifiable P waves were excluded from PR interval and P amplitude analyses. ECG, electrocardiogram; LOA, limits of agreement; SD, standard deviation; ms, milliseconds; mV, millivolts