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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: Seizure. 2024 Apr 10;118:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.04.006

Table 4.

Epilepsy duration is an independent factor for minor electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities.

Any ECG abnormalities OR 95% CI P
Epilepsy duration 1.09 1.02 – 1.16 0.008
Seizure frequency 1.00 0.99 – 1.01 0.93
GTC/focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures 1.39 0.58 – 3.33 0.46
Number of channel-modulating ASM
0 Ref Ref Ref
1 1.33 0.68–2.59 0.40
≥2 1.58 0.67–3.67 0.29

ASM = anti-seizure medication. GTC = generalized tonic/clonic.