| AHA | American Hospital Association |
| CMS | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |
| COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
| DEA | Data Envelopment Analysis |
| DMU | Decision-Making Unit |
| HVBP | Hospital Value-Based Purchasing |
| IT | Information Technology |
| U.S. | United States |
| VBP | Value-Based Purchasing |
| VRS | Variable Returns to Scale |