Table 1. Comparative analysis of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes in LOHC systems^20–24.

Aspect	Hydrogenation	Dehydrogenation
Thermodynamics	Exothermic reaction	Endothermic reaction
Heat management	Heat removal required	Continuous heat supply required
Rate-limiting step	Mass transfer and catalyst wetting	Heat transfer and desorption kinetics
Catalyst systems	Pt, Pd, Ru supported catalysts	Pt-based and bifunctional catalysts
Catalysts challenges	Sintering and hydrogenation selectivity	Coking, deactivation, and poisoning
Scale-up challenges	Gas-liquid mass transfer limitations	Heat transfer limitations and energy demand