Table 5. Overview of dehydrogenation process using common LOHC candidates concerning catalyst types, reactor configurations, kinetics and performance.

LOHC system	Catalyst/support	Typical operating conditions	Kinetic characteristics	Advantages	Limitations	Ref.
Methylcyclohexane (MCH)	Pt/KIT-6 mesoporous silica	-Temperature of 250–450 °C	Activation energy ≈ 80–170 kJ mol−1 (dehydrogenation), depending on the catalyst	- Enhanced hydrogen release compared with Pt/SiO2 or Pt/Al2O3 due to improved dispersion and pore structure, facilitating gas release and mass transfer	Requires high dehydrogenation temperature; carbon coking observed over long runs	11, 77, 78, 94 and 95
	- Pt/TiO2, Pt/Al2O, Pt/V2O5, Pt/Y2O3, and Pt Re/Al2O3			- High H2 selectivity, activity and improved stability compared to other Pt supports
Perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT)	Pt or Ru/Al2O3	Temperatures of 280–320 °C and pressure of 0.1–0.5 MPa	Activation energy ≈ 120–170 kJ mol−1	- Well-studied, reproducible catalyst system	- Side product formation	19
				- High thermal stability and low toxicity, and high energy density of 1.9 kWh L−1 (storage capacity 6.2 wt%)	- Expensive noble metal	11, 96 and 97
	Pt/KIT-6		Enthalphy: + 65.4 kJ molH2	- Higher H2 conversion and selectivity; stable structure	- High temperature demand	11, 94 and98
				- Pt/KIT-6 catalysts enhance dehydrogenation performance	- High dehydrogenation energy requirements (65 kJ molH2−1), and slow reaction rate
				- Confined Pt in ordered pore silica increases residence time and boosts conversion relative to amorphous supports	- Complexity of support synthesis
H18-DBT/Other metal surfaces	Pd subsurface & Pt Pd alloys	—	—	- Provides understanding for the design of improved catalysts	- Pd/Pt surface configurations affect LOHC adsorption/dehydrogenation	19 and 46
					- Environmentally hazardous
					- Requires extensive experimental validation
N-Heterocycles (e.g., H0-NEC, 12H-NEC)	Noble metals (Pt, Pd, Ru) & bimetallic	Temperatures of 280–320 °C		- Lower dehydrogenation temperature potential	- Catalyst cost; sensitivity to carrier impurities	11 and 99–101
				- Established catalysts	- Slower kinetics than hydrogenation
N-Heterocycles (e.g., 12H-NEC)	PdCu/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles	Temperatures of 280–320 °C	Activation energy 55–75 kJ mol	- Tunable activity	- Requires careful synthesis	11, 81, 101 and102
			Enthaplhy: +50 kJ molH2−1	- Possible cost reduction vs. monometallic noble catalysts	- Stability under cycling needs evaluation
				- Bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit tailored activity enhancements for dehydrogenation, with potential to reduce noble-metal load
N-Heterocycles (e.g., 12H-NEC)	Ru-based alloys	Temperatures of 280–320 °C		- Equivalent Ru activity	- Less widely commercialised relative to Pt/Pd	11, 101 and 103
				- Potential simplification	- Costs are still high