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. 2026 Jul 23;15(15):1319. doi: 10.3390/cells15151319
BMI Body Mass Index
EAU European Association of Urology
FSH Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
GLP-1 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
GLP-1 RA Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist
GnRH Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
HPG Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal
HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
ICS International Continence Society
IIEF-5 International Index of Erectile Function (5-item)
LBM Lean Body Mass
LH Luteinising Hormone
MeSH Medical Subject Headings
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
RCT Randomised Controlled Trial
RoB 2 Risk of Bias 2 Tool
ROBINS-I Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions
SHBG Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
TD Testosterone Deficiency
TRT Testosterone Replacement Therapy