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. 2026 Jul 29;15(15):1371. doi: 10.3390/cells15151371
mTORC1 mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
AMPK 5′-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase
ULK1 Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase
PI3KC phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex
PI3P phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
LC3B microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
LAMP lysosomal-associated membrane protein
Ub ubiquitin
BNIP3L/NIX BCL2 Interacting Protein 3 Like
BNIP3 BCL2 Interacting Protein 3
FUNDC1 FUN14 domain containing 1
ROS reactive oxygen species
PEX peroxin protein
PMP peroxisomal membrane protein
NBR1 neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1
NUFIP-1 nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1
ZNHIT3 zinc finger HIT domain-containing protein 3
ER endoplasmic reticulum
LIR LC3B-interacting region
AIM ATG8-interacting motif
TRIM16 tripartite motif containing 16.
FBXO27 F-Box Protein 27
ELDR endolysosomal damage response
TEX264 Testis Expressed 264
GABARAP GABAA receptor-associated protein
LDs lipid droplets
FXR nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor
PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
CREB transcriptional activator cAMP response element-binding protein
SOCE store-operated calcium entry
KSS Kearns–Sayre syndrome
CPEO chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA
NDP52 nuclear domain 10 protein 52
TAX1BP1 Tax1 binding protein 1
PERK PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
HSPA4 heat shock protein family A
DNAJC DnaJ heat shock protein family
MERRF myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibres
MELAS mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
RPE retinal pigment epithelium
STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
MNRR1 mitochondrial nuclear retrograde regulator 1
MFM myofibrillar myopathy
CASA chaperone-assisted selective autophagy
β-FAO β-oxidation of fatty acids
VLCADD very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
MCADD medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
CPT carnitine Palmitoyltransferase