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. 2026 Aug 4;15(15):1294. doi: 10.3390/biology15151294
r Radius
φ Polar angle
a, n1, and n2 Parameters to be estimated
B Oval maximum breadth
w Distance of the maximum breadth of the oval from the y-axis
Dp Diameter of the oval at a point L/4 from its pointed end
L Oval length
RMSE Root Mean Square Error—RMSE= ∑i=1n(Predictedi−Actuali)2n
R2 Coefficient of determination R2=(yi−y^)2(yi−y¯)2
CE Circle–Ellipse model [21]
EE Ellipse–Ellipse model reported herein
NORG Model reported in [5]
PB Preston–Biggins model