VML	volumetric muscle loss
ECM	extracellular matrix
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
μm	micrometer
MRFs	myogenic regulatory factors
bHLH	Basic Helix-Loop-Helix
MyoD	myogenic differentiation 1
DMD	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
FFMT	free functional muscle transfer
GelMA	gelatin methacrylate
RGD	arginylglycylaspartic Acid
CNTs	carbon nanotubes
PPY	polypyrrole
PANI	polyaniline
ES	electrospinning
iPSCs	Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
hESCs	human embryonic stem cells
NMJ	neuromuscular junction
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
ADSCs	adipose-derived stem cells
MPC-Exo	Myogenic Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes
qRT-PCR	Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
MYOD	Myogenic Differentiation Marker
MYOG	myogenin
PAX7	Paired Box 7
CCK-8	Cell Counting Kit-8
SD	Standard Deviation
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor Kappa B
PRP	platelet-rich plasma
α-SMA	Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
PI3K/Akt	Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B
sEVs	small extracellular vesicles
ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate
PGC-1α	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha
IL	Interleukin
Hz	hertz
INTEM	innervated tissue-engineered muscle
NT-3	neurotrophin-3
BDNF	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
AChRs	Acetylcholine Receptors
IFN-γ	Interferon-Gamma
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor-1
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-beta 1
HCT/P	Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products
PMA	Premarket Approval
CDRH	Center for Devices and Radiological Health
CBER	Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
CDER	Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
RMAT	Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy
GMP	good manufacturing practice