| ATR |
Attenuated Total Reflectance |
| ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials |
| DSR |
Dynamic Shear Rheometer |
| Ea |
Apparent activation energy |
| FTIR |
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
| MSCR |
Multiple Stress Creep Recovery |
| Ref |
Unmodified reference bitumen |
| SC4 |
Bitumen modified with 4 wt.% corn starch |
| SC6 |
Bitumen modified with 6 wt.% corn starch |
| SC8 |
Bitumen modified with 8 wt.% corn starch |
| η |
Dynamic viscosity |
| Δη |
Change in dynamic viscosity during bitumen aging |
| η(t) |
Dynamic viscosity after t hours of aging |
| η(0) |
Initial dynamic viscosity before aging |
| kη |
Apparent rate constant of viscosity increase |
| IC=O
|
Carbonyl index |
| ΔIC=O
|
Change of carbonyl index during bitumen aging |
| IC=O(t)
|
Carbonyl index after t hours of aging |
| IC=O(0)
|
Initial carbonyl index before aging |
|
Apparent rate constant of carbonyl formation |
| IS=O
|
Sulfoxide index |
| ΔIS=O
|
Change in sulfoxide index during bitumen aging |
| IS=O(t)
|
Sulfoxide index after t hours of aging |
| IS=O(0)
|
Initial sulfoxide index before aging |
| kIS=O
|
Apparent rate constant of sulfoxide formation |
| IC=C
|
Aromaticity index |
| ΔIaromaticity
|
Change in aromaticity index during bitumen aging |
| Iaromaticity(t)
|
Aromaticity index after t hours of aging |
| Iaromaticity(0)
|
Initial aromaticity index before aging |
| kIaromatization
|
Apparent rate constant of the aromatization process |
| R |
Percent recovery |
| ΔR3.2
|
Change in percent recovery during bitumen aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| R3.2(t)
|
Percent recovery after t hours of aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| R3.2(0)
|
Initial percent recovery before aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| kR3.2
|
Apparent rate constant of changes in percent recovery at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| Jnr
|
Non-recoverable creep compliance |
| Jnr(0)
|
Initial non-recoverable creep compliance before aging |
| ΔJnr3.2
|
Change in non-recoverable creep compliance during bitumen aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| Jnr3.2(t)
|
Non-recoverable creep compliance after t hours of aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| Jnr3.2(0)
|
Initial non-recoverable creep compliance before aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| kJnr3.2
|
Apparent rate constant of changes in non-recoverable creep compliance at a stress level of 3.2 kPa |
| εnr
|
Non-recoverable strain |
| εmax
|
Maximum strain during the creep phase |
| σ |
Applied creep stress |
| A1700
|
Integrated absorbance of the carbonyl band at 1700 cm−1
|
| A1030
|
Integrated absorbance of the sulfoxide band at 1030 cm−1
|
| A1600
|
Integrated absorbance of the aromatic C=C band at 1600 cm−1
|
| ΣA |
Sum of integrated absorbance values used for FTIR index normalization |
| R2
|
Coefficient of determination |
| t |
Aging time |