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. 2026 Aug 4;19(15):3302. doi: 10.3390/ma19153302
ATR Attenuated Total Reflectance
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
DSR Dynamic Shear Rheometer
Ea Apparent activation energy
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
MSCR Multiple Stress Creep Recovery
Ref Unmodified reference bitumen
SC4 Bitumen modified with 4 wt.% corn starch
SC6 Bitumen modified with 6 wt.% corn starch
SC8 Bitumen modified with 8 wt.% corn starch
η Dynamic viscosity
Δη Change in dynamic viscosity during bitumen aging
η(t) Dynamic viscosity after t hours of aging
η(0) Initial dynamic viscosity before aging
kη Apparent rate constant of viscosity increase
IC=O Carbonyl index
ΔIC=O Change of carbonyl index during bitumen aging
IC=O(t) Carbonyl index after t hours of aging
IC=O(0) Initial carbonyl index before aging
kIC=O Apparent rate constant of carbonyl formation
IS=O Sulfoxide index
ΔIS=O Change in sulfoxide index during bitumen aging
IS=O(t) Sulfoxide index after t hours of aging
IS=O(0) Initial sulfoxide index before aging
kIS=O Apparent rate constant of sulfoxide formation
IC=C Aromaticity index
ΔIaromaticity Change in aromaticity index during bitumen aging
Iaromaticity(t) Aromaticity index after t hours of aging
Iaromaticity(0) Initial aromaticity index before aging
kIaromatization Apparent rate constant of the aromatization process
R Percent recovery
ΔR3.2 Change in percent recovery during bitumen aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
R3.2(t) Percent recovery after t hours of aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
R3.2(0) Initial percent recovery before aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
kR3.2 Apparent rate constant of changes in percent recovery at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
Jnr Non-recoverable creep compliance
Jnr(0) Initial non-recoverable creep compliance before aging
ΔJnr3.2 Change in non-recoverable creep compliance during bitumen aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
Jnr3.2(t) Non-recoverable creep compliance after t hours of aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
Jnr3.2(0) Initial non-recoverable creep compliance before aging at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
kJnr3.2 Apparent rate constant of changes in non-recoverable creep compliance at a stress level of 3.2 kPa
εnr Non-recoverable strain
εmax Maximum strain during the creep phase
σ Applied creep stress
A1700 Integrated absorbance of the carbonyl band at 1700 cm−1
A1030 Integrated absorbance of the sulfoxide band at 1030 cm−1
A1600 Integrated absorbance of the aromatic C=C band at 1600 cm−1
ΣA Sum of integrated absorbance values used for FTIR index normalization
R2 Coefficient of determination
t Aging time