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. 2026 Aug 1;27(15):6889. doi: 10.3390/ijms27156889
CD68 Cluster of differentiation 68 (pan-macrophage marker)
CD80 Cluster of differentiation 80 (M1 macrophage marker)
CD163 Cluster of differentiation 163 (M2 macrophage marker)
DAB 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine
DOI Depth of invasion
FFPE Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
HPF High-power field
HRM Histologic risk model (Brandwein–Gensler classification)
IFG Infiltration/growth pattern (Bryne’s classification)
IHC Immunohistochemistry
IQR Interquartile range
LHR Lymphocytic host response
M0 Undifferentiated (non-polarized) macrophage
M1 Classically activated macrophage
M2 Alternatively activated macrophage
OL Oral leukoplakia
OPMD Oral potentially malignant disorder
OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma
PD-L1 Programmed death-ligand 1
PNI Perineural invasion
STAT1 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
TAM Tumor-associated macrophage
Th1 T helper type 1
Th2 T helper type 2
TMA Tissue microarray
TME Tumor microenvironment
WHO World Health Organization
WPOI Worst pattern of invasion