The COPD–TB–γδ T cell triad Determine the causal changes in lung tissue in COPD that increase susceptibility to Mtb and distinguish them from accompanying features. Characterize the effect of COPD on tissue non-Vδ2 and circulating Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells specifically in TB. Establish under what conditions the “γδ T cell–IL-17–neutrophil” axis performs a protective function and when it becomes a source of immunopathology. Develop vaccine and immunomodulatory approaches that induce an early local γδ response without enhancing neutrophilic damage. Evaluate the dynamics of Vγ9Vδ2 cells and of epithelial and macrophage markers as biomarkers of the protective versus the damaging early response. Study the influence of smoking, COPD, and post-TB remodeling on the antigen- and pAg-specific response, including the interpretation of IGRA. This box summarizes a research agenda for analyzing local immunity in the combination of COPD and TB.