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. 2026 Jul 30;17:1899323. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1899323

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Copyright © 2026 Li, Chen, Shao, Zhang and Shi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Network diagrams labeled a, b, and c, each displaying six labeled nodes (MBE, YME, AE, RSE, ME, CON) connected by lines of varying thickness, with node size and color varying between diagrams to represent different data relationships. — Network diagram of three outcomes. (a) addictive craving (O1), (b) negative affect (O2), and (c) cognitive function (O3).