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. 2026 Aug 3;26(15):4887. doi: 10.3390/s26154887
AFN Adversarial Fusion Network
CBAM Convolutional Block Attention Module
CIoU Complete Intersection over Union
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
DW Depthwise Convolution
Faster R-CNN Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network
FN False Negative
FP False Positive
GFLOPs Giga Floating-Point Operations
GELU Gaussian Error Linear Unit
Grad-CAM Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping
HSV Hue, Saturation, and Value
LECD Lightweight Efficient Convolutional Detection head
LRM LECD, RepViTBlock, and MPDIoU (initial letters of the three core modules)
mAP Mean Average Precision
mAP50 Mean Average Precision at IoU = 0.5
mAP50-95 Mean Average Precision averaged over IoU thresholds from 0.5 to 0.95
MBConv Mobile Inverted Bottleneck Convolution
Mixed-NMS Mixed Non-Maximum Suppression
PW Pointwise Convolution
R-CNN Region-based Convolutional Neural Network
RepViTBlock Re-parameterized Vision Transformer Block
RT-DETR Real-Time Detection Transformer
SE Squeeze-and-Excitation
SPPF Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast
SSD Single Shot MultiBox Detector
SVM Support Vector Machine
TP True Positive
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
YOLO You Only Look Once