LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
EIS	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
LAL	Limulus Amebocyte Lysate
pg	picogram
LER	Low Endotoxin Recovery
rFC	recombinant Factor C
DEHP	Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
SERS	Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
CIP	Clean-in-Place
PRR	pattern recognition receptor
MD-2	myeloid differentiation factor 2
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
IL-1β	interleukin-1β
IL-6	interleukin-6
PAHs	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
VOCs	volatile organic compounds
SAMs	self-assembled monolayers
PASA	Potential-assisted self-assembly
LOD	limit of detection
MUA	mercaptoundecanoic acid
scFv	single-chain variable fragments
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
HCR	hybridization chain reaction
POCT	point-of-care testing
FET	field-effect transistor
AI	artificial intelligence