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. 2026 May 21;16:25124. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52682-6

Table 10.

Evaluation metrics and their descriptions used in the study.

Metric Equation Feature
Precision Inline graphic TPc: Number of true-positives
Recall Inline graphic FPc: Number of false-positives
Accuracy Inline graphic FNc: Number of false-negatives
Macro precision Inline graphic N is the total number of samples
Macro recall Inline graphic Overall performance; can be sensitive to the dominant class in case of class imbalance
Macro F1 score Inline graphic Sensitive to false-positives; equal weighting between classes
Mean square error Inline graphic Sensitive to missed (FN) samples; gives fair results in case of class imbalance