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. 2026 May 21;16:25124. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52682-6

Table 12.

Good results obtained with ML/AI models.

Model type Preset Accuracy % (Validation) Accuracy % (Test) Macro precision % (Validation) Macro recall % (Validation) Macro F1 score % (Validation) Macro precision % (Test) Macro recall % (Test) Macro F1 score % (Test)
Tree Fine tree 99.92 99.81 99.92 99.92 99.92 99.81 99.81 99.81
SVM Quadratic SVM 99.79 99.73 99.79 99.79 99.79 99.73 99.73 99.73
Cubic SVM 99.89 99.81 99.89 99.89 99.89 99.82 99.81 99.81
Fine Gaussian SVM 99.81 99.65 99.81 99.81 99.81 99.65 99.65 99.65
Medium Gaussian SVM 97.87 98.65 97.89 97.87 97.86 98.65 98.65 98.64
KNN Fine KNN 99.82 99.73 99.82 99.82 99.82 99.73 99.73 99.73
Medium KNN 99.66 99.68 99.66 99.66 99.66 99.68 99.68 99.68
Coarse KNN 97.77 98.63 97.77 97.77 97.77 98.63 98.63 98.63
Cosine KNN 99.69 99.71 99.69 99.69 99.69 99.71 99.71 99.71
Cubic KNN 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48
Weighted KNN 99.75 99.73 99.75 99.75 99.75 99.73 99.73 99.73
Kernel SVM Kernel 99.77 99.66 99.77 99.77 99.77 99.67 99.66 99.66
Logistic Regression Kernel 99.05 99.34 99.05 99.05 99.04 99.34 99.34 99.34
Ensemble Boosted Trees 99.70 99.92 99.70 99.70 99.70 99.92 99.92 99.92
Bagged Trees 99.98 99.91 99.98 99.98 99.98 99.91 99.91 99.91
Neural network Narrow Neural Network 99.87 99.80 99.87 99.87 99.87 99.80 99.80 99.80