Table 9.

Hyperparameters used for LAO-Net training.

Dataset	43,200
Partitioning strategy	Random sample-based partitioning
Test set	20% (8,640 samples)
Model development set	80% (34,560 samples)
Max epochs	1000
Optimization	Levenberg–Marquardt
Input data	21 Laser features + 21 acoustic chirp signal attributes
Output data	Human orientation (behind, front, left, right)
Hidden layer	30 neurons
Activation	ReLU
Hyperparameter selection	Predefined