3D	Three-dimensional
6G	Sixth generation (communication networks)
BDD100K	Berkeley DeepDrive (Dataset)
GNN	Graph neural network
GPT	Generative pretrained transformer
GPT-4V	Generative pretrained transformer 4 with vision
HD	High-definition
LiDAR	Light detection and ranging
LLM	Large language model
LM-JEPA	Latent model-joint embedding predictive architecture
mAP	Mean average precision
MLP	Multi-layer perceptron
ViT	Vision transformer
VLM	Vision–language model