TABLE 2.

Turbulent kinetic energy measured or simulated for pathologic circulation.

Condition	TKE (m2/s2)	Method	Ref
Mitral valve regurgitation	0.3	MRI	[35]
Aortic stenosis	0.3-1.0	MRI, CFD	[36-38]
Aortic valve insufficiency	0.3	MRI	[39]
Aortic coarctation	0.18-1.0	MRI, CFD	[39-42]
	<0.03	Doppler ultrasound	[22]
Carotid atherosclerosis	0.005-.05	CFD	[43,44]
Coronary atherosclerosis	<0.2	CFD	[45,46]

CFD, computational fluid dynamics; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; Ref, reference; TKE, turbulent kinetic energy.