Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the patients according to the status of CAC.
| Variables | No-or-mild CAC group (n=380) | Moderate-to-severe CAC group (n=301) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.54 ± 10.60 | 61.96 ± 10.18 | 0.600 |
| Male, n (%) | 270 (71.05) | 231 (76.74) | 0.094 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.22 (22.19, 26.71) | 23.67 (21.50, 25.95) | 0.014 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | 0.299 | ||
| UA | 139 (36.58) | 93 (30.90) | |
| NSTEMI | 192 (50.53) | 166 (55.15) | |
| STEMI | 49 (12.89) | 42 (13.95) | |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Previous MI | 53 (13.95) | 32 (10.63) | 0.193 |
| Hypertension | 362 (95.26) | 277 (92.03) | 0.081 |
| DM | 209 (55.00) | 166 (55.15) | 0.969 |
| Hypercholesteremia | 294 (77.37) | 245 (81.40) | 0.199 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 34 (8.95) | 28 (9.30) | 0.873 |
| Valvular disease | 14 (3.68) | 8 (2.66) | 0.452 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 70 (18.42) | 66 (21.93) | 0.256 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 34 (8.95) | 32 (10.63) | 0.461 |
| Smoking | 68 (17.89) | 52 (17.28) | 0.833 |
| LVEF (%) | 55.00 (45.00, 62.00) | 55.00 (43.00, 60.00) | 0.095 |
| Dialysis modality, n (%) | 0.967 | ||
| Hemodialysis | 345 (90.79) | 273 (90.70) | |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 35 (9.21) | 28 (9.30) | |
| Vintage of dialysis (months) | 32.50 (13.00, 59.00) | 44.00 (21.00, 85.00) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory examinations | |||
| WBC (×109/L) | 6.75 (5.59, 8.62) | 6.73 (5.56, 8.44) | 0.661 |
| Lymphocyte (×103/μL) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.35) | 0.154 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 182.70 (145.75, 229.00) |
183.00 (137.00, 230.00) |
0.579 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 104.23 ± 20.18 | 103.83 ± 19.57 | 0.795 |
| ALT (U/L) | 12.00 (8.00, 20.00) | 11.00 (7.60, 17.00) | 0.053 |
| AST (U/L) | 15.25 (12.00, 24.00) | 15.00 (10.00, 22.00) | 0.104 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 6.90 (4.80, 9.00) | 6.70 (5.31, 9.38) | 0.379 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37.40 ± 4.80 | 37.70 ± 4.90 | 0.409 |
| SCr (mg/dL) | 8.80 (6.68, 10.80) | 8.70 (6.70, 11.10) | 0.866 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 5.27 (4.14, 6.91) | 5.36 (4.04, 6.99) | 0.909 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 354.97 ± 115.61 | 357.53 ± 127.16 | 0.784 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.44 (1.05, 2.10) | 1.53 (1.08, 2.26) | 0.379 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.82 (3.24, 4.62) | 3.58 (2.99, 4.35) | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.046 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.21 (1.64, 2.86) | 2.07 (1.65, 2.63) | 0.071 |
| Serum Ca2+ (mmol/L) | 2.20 (2.04, 2.34) | 2.22 (2.10, 2.37) | 0.026 |
| Serum Pi (mmol/L) | 1.69 (1.33, 2.14) | 1.78 (1.47, 2.19) | 0.015 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 8.95 (3.25, 23.40) | 10.80 (4.00, 27.05) | 0.123 |
| GRACE score | 155.90 ± 34.69 | 164.81 ± 37.01 | 0.001 |
| Multivessel disease, n (%) | 314 (82.63) | 268 (89.04) | 0.019 |
| Revascularization, n (%) | 0.128 | ||
| PCI | 267 (70.26) | 224 (74.42) | |
| CABG | 5 (1.32) | 7 (2.33) | |
| Cardiovascular drugs, n (%) | |||
| DAPT | 317 (83.42) | 272 (90.37) | 0.008 |
| statins | 362 (95.26) | 286 (95.02) | 0.882 |
| β-blockers | 316 (83.16) | 248 (82.39) | 0.792 |
| CCB | 271 (71.32) | 180 (59.80) | 0.002 |
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI | 210 (55.26) | 162 (53.82) | 0.707 |
| CALLY index | 43.64 (17.45, 132.13) | 35.94 (11.49, 117.98) | 0.107 |
| Follow-up time (months) | 22.08 (12.67, 33.93) | 19.97 (11.03, 30.53) | 0.016 |
| MACE, n (%) | 177 (46.58) | 152 (50.50) | 0.309 |
Data were presented with mean ± SD, median with interquartile range or n(%). SD, standard deviation; CAC, coronary artery calcification; BMI, body mass index; UA, unstable angina; NSTEMI, Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-elevated myocardial infarction; MI, Myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelet; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; TBIL, total bilirubin; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UA, uric acid; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ARNI, angiotensin receptor & neprilysin inhibitors; CALLY index, C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events.
All the P values in bold are <0.05.