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. 2026 Jun 4;16:25404. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-55599-2

Table 2.

Strategic application of sparsity techniques across YOLOv8n architecture.

Layer Module Function Sparsity strategy
0-9 Backbone Feature extraction No modification
10-11 Neck (Upsample + Concat) Multi-scale fusion –
12 Neck (C2f) Feature refinement GL applied
13-14 Neck (Upsample + Concat) Multi-scale fusion –
15 Neck (C2f) Feature refinement GL applied
16 Neck (Conv) Downsampling GL applied
17 Neck (Concat) Feature fusion –
18 Neck (C2f) Feature refinement GL applied
19 Neck (Conv) Downsampling GL applied
20 Neck (Concat) Feature fusion –
21 Neck (C2f) Feature refinement GL applied
22 Head (Detect) Multi-scale detection SSS applied