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. 2026 Jul 8;16:25320. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-61412-x

Table 2.

Preliminary qualitative phytochemical profiling indicated the presence of secondary metabolites in Rubia cordifolia leaf extracts in various solvents.

Sr. No Secondary metabolites RCLM RCLC RCLD
1 Phenols  +   +   + 
2 Flavonoids  +   +   + 
3 Alkaloids  +   +   + 
4 Terpenoids  +   +   + 
5 Saponins  +   −   − 
6 Glycosides  +   −   + 
7 Steroids  +   −   − 

RCLM, Rubia cordifolia leaf methanolic extract; RCLC, Rubia cordifolia leaf chloroform extract, RCLD: Rubia cordifolia leaf distilled water extract; + , Present; − , Absent.