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. 2026 Aug 6;29(8):117106. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117106

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Characterization and motion analysis of PMA@TH nanomotors

(A–C) (A) Transmission electron microscopy images (scale bars, 500 nm), (B) zeta potential, and (C) dynamic light scattering results.

(D) FTIR spectra of PMA@TH, PMA, and TH (n = 3 independent sample preparations per group).

(E) Cumulative TH release from PMA@TH in PBS over 48 h (n = 3 independent sample preparations).

(F) Drug loading capacities of PMA@TH and PB@TH (n = 3 independent sample preparations).

(G–J) The motion trajectories and corresponding average rate graphs of nanomotors under different cell density lysis buffers.

(K) Velocity distribution of PMA@TH under LPS stimulation.

(L) Average velocities of PMA@TH and PB@TH in stimulated and non-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage environments (n = 10 nanoparticles tracked per group).