Table 3.

Comparison of baseline offloading strategies used in the performance evaluation.

Method	Decision Strategy	Optimization Focus	Main Limitation
LE	Local execution	None	High delay for intensive tasks
EO	Edge-only offloading	Delay reduction	Edge congestion and limited flexibility
RO	Random assignment	None	Unstable performance
GO	Greedy selection	Immediate delay	Ignores long-term reward and energy
DQN	Value-based DRL	Discrete offloading	Limited for continuous resource allocation
DDPG	Actor–critic DRL	Continuous control	Sensitive to exploration instability
MADDPG	Multi-agent actor–critic	Multi-agent coordination	Scalability and stability issues
MAPPO	Multi-agent policy optimization	Cooperative policy learning	Requires more environment interactions
SAC	Entropy-regularized actor–critic	Adaptive offloading	Lacks explicit joint-agent coordination
OMTOS	CTDE-based multi-agent SAC	Latency–energy multi-tier offloading	Proposed method